# --------------------------------------------
# CITATION file created with {cffr} R package
# See also: https://docs.ropensci.org/cffr/
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cff-version: 1.2.0
message: 'To cite package "loo" in publications use:'
type: software
title: 'loo: Efficient Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation and WAIC for Bayesian Models'
version: 2.9.0
identifiers:
- type: doi
  value: 10.32614/CRAN.package.loo
- type: url
  value: https://discourse.mc-stan.org
abstract: Efficient approximate leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO) for Bayesian
  models fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo, as described in Vehtari, Gelman, and
  Gabry (2017) <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4>. The approximation uses
  Pareto smoothed importance sampling (PSIS), a new procedure for regularizing importance
  weights. As a byproduct of the calculations, we also obtain approximate standard
  errors for estimated predictive errors and for the comparison of predictive errors
  between models. The package also provides methods for using stacking and other model
  weighting techniques to average Bayesian predictive distributions.
authors:
- family-names: Vehtari
  given-names: Aki
  email: Aki.Vehtari@aalto.fi
- family-names: Gabry
  given-names: Jonah
  email: jgabry@gmail.com
- family-names: Magnusson
  given-names: Måns
- family-names: Yao
  given-names: Yuling
- family-names: Bürkner
  given-names: Paul-Christian
- family-names: Paananen
  given-names: Topi
- family-names: Gelman
  given-names: Andrew
preferred-citation:
  type: generic
  title: 'loo: Efficient leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC for Bayesian models'
  authors:
  - name: anonymous
  year: '2025'
  notes: R package version 2.9.0
  url: https://mc-stan.org/loo/
repository: https://r-multiverse.r-universe.dev
repository-code: https://github.com/stan-dev/loo
commit: 299a4c7af159b08b3be0184744cc1a9615b6a341
url: https://mc-stan.org/loo/
date-released: '2025-12-22'
contact:
- family-names: Gabry
  given-names: Jonah
  email: jgabry@gmail.com
references:
- type: article
  title: Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation
    and WAIC
  authors:
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  - family-names: Gelman
    given-names: Andrew
  - family-names: Gabry
    given-names: Jonah
  year: '2017'
  journal: Statistics and Computing
  volume: '27'
  issue: '5'
  doi: 10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4
  start: '1413'
  end: '1432'
- type: article
  title: Uncertainty in Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation based model comparison
  authors:
  - family-names: Sivula
    given-names: Tuomas
  - family-names: Magnusson
    given-names: Måns
  - family-names: Matamoros
    given-names: Asael Alonzo
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  journal: Bayesian Analysis
  year: '2025'
  notes: doi:10.1214/24-BA1453
- type: article
  title: Using stacking to average Bayesian predictive distributions
  authors:
  - family-names: Yao
    given-names: Yuling
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  - family-names: Simpson
    given-names: Daniel
  - family-names: Gelman
    given-names: Andrew
  journal: Bayesian Analysis
  year: '2018'
  volume: '13'
  issue: '3'
  doi: 10.1214/17-BA1091
  start: '917'
  end: '1007'
- type: article
  title: Pareto smoothed importance sampling
  authors:
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  - family-names: Simpson
    given-names: Daniel
  - family-names: Gelman
    given-names: Andrew
  - family-names: Yao
    given-names: Yuling
  - family-names: Gabry
    given-names: Jonah
  journal: Journal of Machine Learning Research
  year: '2024'
  volume: '25'
  issue: '72'
  start: 1-58
- type: article
  title: Implicitly adaptive importance sampling
  authors:
  - family-names: Paananen
    given-names: Topi
  - family-names: Piironen
    given-names: Juho
  - family-names: Buerkner
    given-names: Paul-Christian
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  journal: Statistics and Computing
  volume: '31'
  year: '2021'
  start: '16'
- type: conference-paper
  title: Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation for Large Data
  authors:
  - family-names: Magnusson
    given-names: Måns
  - family-names: Andersen
    given-names: Michael Riis
  - family-names: Jonasson
    given-names: Johan
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  collection-title: Thirty-sixth International Conference on Machine Learning
  collection-type: proceedings
  publisher:
    name: PMLR
  volume: '97'
  year: '2019'
  start: 4244-4253
  conference:
    name: Thirty-sixth International Conference on Machine Learning
- type: conference-paper
  title: Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation for Model Comparison in Large Data
  authors:
  - family-names: Magnusson
    given-names: Måns
  - family-names: Andersen
    given-names: Michael Riis
  - family-names: Jonasson
    given-names: Johan
  - family-names: Vehtari
    given-names: Aki
  collection-title: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Artificial
    Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS)
  collection-type: proceedings
  publisher:
    name: PMLR
  volume: '108'
  year: '2019'
  start: 341-351
  conference:
    name: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
      and Statistics (AISTATS)